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Home  ›  How Long Is The Mackinac Bridge In Michigan

How Long Is The Mackinac Bridge In Michigan

Written By Friday, April 22, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Pause span connecting Michigan's Lower and Upper Peninsulas

Mackinac Bridge
Mackinac Bridge from the air4.jpg
Coordinates 45°49′01″N 84°43′40″W  /  45.817059°N 84.727822°W  / 45.817059; -84.727822 Coordinates: 45°49′01″N 84°43′40″Due west  /  45.817059°N 84.727822°West  / 45.817059; -84.727822
Carries 4 lanes of I-75 / GLCT
Crosses Straits of Mackinac
Locale St. Ignace and Mackinaw Urban center, Michigan
Other proper name(due south) Mighty Mac or Big Mac
Maintained by Mackinac Bridge Authority
Characteristics
Design Break bridge
Total length 26,372 ft (viii,038 thousand)[i]
Width 68.vi ft (20.9 m) (total width)[2]
54 ft (16 yard) (road width)
38.1 ft (eleven.half dozen m) (depth)[ii]
Height 552 ft (168 grand) (tower elevation);[two] 200 ft (61 m) (deck height)[1]
Longest span 3,800 ft (1,158 one thousand)[2]
Clearance below 155 ft (47 m)[1]
History
Designer David B. Steinman
Opened November ane, 1957 (November one, 1957)
Statistics
Daily traffic 11,600
Price $ii.00 per axle for passenger vehicles ($iv.00 per automobile). $5.00 per axle for motor homes, and commercial vehicles.[3]
Location

The Mackinac Bridge ( MAK-in-aw) is a suspension span spanning the Straits of Mackinac, connecting the Upper and Lower peninsulas of the U.S. land of Michigan. Opened in 1957, the 26,372-foot-long (4.995 mi; eight.038 km)[1] bridge (familiarly known as "Large Mac" and "Mighty Mac")[4] is the world'south 26th-longest main span and the longest interruption span betwixt anchorages in the Western Hemisphere.[five] The Mackinac Bridge is part of Interstate 75 (I-75) and the Lake Michigan and Huron components of the Great Lakes Circle Bout across the straits; information technology is also a segment of the U.South. Northward State National Scenic Trail. The bridge connects the urban center of St. Ignace on the northward finish with the hamlet of Mackinaw City on the south.

Envisioned since the 1880s, the bridge was designed past the engineer David B. Steinman and completed in 1957 simply afterward many decades of struggles to begin construction.

Length [edit]

The bridge opened on Nov one, 1957,[6] connecting 2 peninsulas linked for decades by ferries. At the time, the bridge was formally dedicated every bit the "globe's longest suspension bridge between anchorages", allowing a superlative comparing to the Golden Gate Bridge, which has a longer centre bridge between towers, and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, which has an anchorage in the middle.

It remains the longest suspension span with 2 towers between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere.[5] Much longer anchorage-to-anchorage spans have been built in the Eastern Hemisphere, including the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Nippon (6,532 ft or 1,991 one thousand), but the long leadups to the anchorages on the Mackinac brand its total shoreline-to-shoreline length of five miles (8.0 km) longer than the Akashi Kaikyo (two.iv mi or 3.9 km).

The length of the span'due south chief span is 3,800 feet (ane,158 m), which makes it the third-longest suspension span in the United States and 20th longest suspension span worldwide. It is also ane of the world's longest bridges overall.

History [edit]

Early history [edit]

The Algonquian peoples who lived in the straits area prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century called this region Michilimackinac, which is widely understood to mean the Nifty Turtle. This is thought to refer to the shape of what is now called Mackinac Island. This interpretation of the give-and-take is debated by scholars. Trading posts at the Straits of Mackinac attracted peak populations during the summertime trading flavor; they as well adult every bit intertribal meeting places.[seven]

As exploitation of the state's mineral and timber resources increased during the 19th century, the expanse became an of import send hub. In 1881 the three railroads that reached the Straits, the Michigan Key, Grand Rapids & Indiana, and the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette, jointly established the Mackinac Transportation Company to operate a railroad motorcar ferry service across the straits and connect the two peninsulas.[viii]

Improved highways forth the eastern shores of the Lower Peninsula brought increased automobile traffic to the Straits region starting in the 1910s. The state of Michigan initiated an auto ferry service between Mackinaw City and St. Ignace in 1923; it eventually operated 9 ferry boats that would bear as many equally 9,000 vehicles per mean solar day. Traffic backups could stretch as long as 16 miles (26 km).[nine]

Plans for the bridge [edit]

Bridge's opening in Nov 1957

Afterwards the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, local residents began to imagine that such a structure could bridge the straits. In 1884, a store owner in St. Ignace published a newspaper advert that included a reprint of an artist's conception of the Brooklyn Bridge with the explanation "Proposed span beyond the Straits of Mackinac".[10]

The idea of the bridge was discussed in the Michigan Legislature as early as the 1880s. At the time, the Straits of Mackinac expanse was becoming a popular tourist destination, especially following the cosmos of Mackinac National Park on Mackinac Island in 1875.[ commendation needed ]

At a July 1888 coming together of the board of directors of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island, Cornelius Vanderbilt II proposed that a bridge be congenital across the straits, of a pattern like to the one then nether construction across the Firth of Forth in Scotland. This would advance commerce in the region and help lengthen the resort season of the hotel.[ten]

Decades went by with no formal activity. In 1920, the Michigan thruway commissioner advocated construction of a floating tunnel across the Straits. At the invitation of the state legislature, C. E. Fowler of New York Metropolis put forth a programme for a long series of causeways and bridges across the straits from Cheboygan, 17 miles (27 km) southeast of Mackinaw Urban center, to St. Ignace, using Bois Blanc, Round, and Mackinac islands equally intermediate steps.[ citation needed ]

Formal planning [edit]

In 1923, the state legislature ordered the Motorway Department to constitute ferry service beyond the strait. More and more than people used ferries to cross the straits each year, and equally they did, the movement to build a bridge increased. Chase Osborn, a former governor, wrote:

Michigan is unifying itself, and a magnificent new route through Michigan to Lake Superior and the Northwest United States is developing, via the Straits of Mackinac. It cannot continue to grow as information technology ought with clumsy and inadequate ferries for any portion of the year.[11]

By 1928, the ferry service had become then pop so expensive to operate that Michigan Governor Fred W. Green ordered the section to study the feasibility of edifice a span across the strait. The department deemed the idea feasible, estimating the cost at $30 million (equivalent to $362 million in 2020[12]).

In 1934, the Michigan Legislature created the Mackinac Straits Span Authority to explore possible methods of amalgam and funding the proposed bridge. The Legislature authorized the Authority to seek financing for the project. In the mid-1930s, during the Dandy Depression, when numerous infrastructure projects received federal help, the Authority twice attempted to obtain federal funds for the project simply was unsuccessful. The The states Army Corps of Engineers and President Franklin D. Roosevelt endorsed the projection but Congress never appropriated funds. Between 1936 and 1940, the Authority selected a route for the span based on preliminary studies. Borings were made for a detailed geological study of the road.[ citation needed ]

The preliminary plans for the bridge featured a three-lane roadway, a railroad crossing on the underdeck of the bridge, and a center-anchorage double-pause span configuration similar to the design of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge. Because this would have required sinking an anchorage pier in the deepest surface area of the Straits, the practicality of this design may have been questionable.[ citation needed ] A concrete causeway, approximately 4,000 feet (ane,219 chiliad), extending from the northern shore, was constructed in shallow water from 1939 to 1941. Notwithstanding, a unique technology challenge was created by the tremendous forces that operate confronting the base of the bridge, because the lakes freeze during the winter, causing large icebergs to place enormous stress on the bridge.[ commendation needed ]

At that time, with funding for the project still uncertain, further piece of work was put on concord because of the outbreak of World War 2. The Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority was abolished by the state legislature in 1947, but the same body created a new Mackinac Bridge Authority iii years afterward in 1950. In June 1950, engineers were retained for the projection. By so, it was reported that cars queuing for the ferry at Mackinaw City did not reach St. Ignace until five hours later, and the typical capacity of 460 vehicles per hour could not match the estimated 1,600 for a bridge.[13]

Afterwards a report by the engineers in January 1951,[fourteen] the state legislature authorized the sale of $85 million (equivalent to $677 million in 2020[12]) in bonds for bridge construction on April 30, 1952. Nevertheless, a weak bond market in 1953 forced a delay of more than a year before the bonds could exist issued.

Technology and construction [edit]

View of the north tower of the bridge

David B. Steinman was appointed every bit the design engineer in January 1953 and by the end of 1953, estimates and contracts had been negotiated. A civil engineer at the house, Abul Hasnat, did the preliminary plans for the bridge. Full price estimate at that time was $95 million (equivalent to $748 million in 2020[12]) with estimated completion past Nov 1, 1956. Tolls collected were to pay for the bridge in 20 years.[15] Structure began on May 7, 1954. The bridge was built under two major contracts. The Merritt-Chapman and Scott Corporation of New York was awarded the contract for all major substructure piece of work for $25.vii million (equivalent to $202 million in 2020[12]), while the American Bridge Partitioning of United States Steel Corporation was awarded a contract of more than than $44 1000000 (equivalent to $343 million in 2020[12]) to build the steel superstructure.[16]

Construction, staged using the 1939–41 causeway, took 3 and a half years (4 summers, no wintertime structure) at a total price of $100 million and the lives of five workers. Contrary to pop belief, none of them are entombed in the bridge.[17] It opened to traffic on schedule on Nov 1, 1957, and the ferry service was discontinued on the aforementioned twenty-four hours. The bridge was formally dedicated on June 25, 1958.

Thou. Mennen Williams was governor during the construction of the Mackinac Bridge. He began the tradition of the governor leading the Mackinac Bridge Walk across it every Labor Twenty-four hours.[18] U.S. Senator Prentiss M. Brown has been chosen the "father of the Mackinac Bridge",[19] and was honored with a special memorial bridge token created by the Mackinac Span Authority.[xx]

The bridge officially achieved its 100 millionth crossing exactly xl years after its dedication, on June 25, 1998.[1] The 50th anniversary of the bridge's opening was celebrated on Nov 1, 2007, in a anniversary hosted by the Mackinac Bridge Authorisation at the viewing park next to the St. Ignace causeway.[ane] The span was designated as a National Historic Ceremonious Engineering Landmark by the American Order of Ceremonious Engineers in 2010.[21]

History of the span's design [edit]

The blueprint of the Mackinac Span was directly influenced past the lessons from the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which failed in 1940 because of its instability in high winds. Three years after that disaster, Steinman had published a theoretical analysis of pause-bridge stability issues, which recommended that hereafter span designs include deep stiffening trusses to support the bridge deck and an open-filigree roadway to reduce its air current resistance. Both of these features were incorporated into the pattern of the Mackinac Span. The stiffening truss is open to reduce air current resistance. The road deck is shaped equally an airfoil to provide lift in a cross wind, and the center ii lanes are open up grid to allow vertical (upward) air flow, which fairly precisely cancels the lift, making the roadway stable in design in winds of upward to 150 miles per hr (240 km/h).

Facts and figures [edit]

The Mackinac Span from the south shore

The Mackinac Bridge at night

Freighter passing under the bridge

The Mackinac Bridge is a toll span on Interstate 75 (I-75). The U.s.a. Highway 27 (Us 27) designation was initially extended across the span.[22] In November 1960, sections of I-75 superhighway opened from Indian River north to the southern span approaches in Mackinaw Metropolis,[23] and U.s.a. 27 was removed from the bridge.[24] It is one of only three segments of I-75 that are tolled, the others being the American half of the International Span most Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Alligator Alley in Florida. The current toll is $4.00 for automobiles and $5.00 per axle for trucks. The Mackinac Span Authority raised the toll in 2007 to fund a $300 one thousand thousand renovation program, which would include completely replacing the bridge deck.[25]

Every Labor Solar day, the span is open up to walkers for the Mackinac Bridge Walk.

Painting of the bridge takes seven years,[26] and when painting of the bridge is consummate, it begins again. The current painting project began in 1999 and was expected to take 20 years to complete considering the lead-based paint needs to be removed, incurring boosted disposal requirements.[27] [28]

The bridge celebrated its 150 millionth vehicle crossing on September 6, 2009.[29]

  • Length from cable bent pier to cable bent pier: 7,400 feet (2,256 chiliad).[ane]
  • Total width of the roadway: 54 feet (16.5 m)[1]
    • Two outside lanes: 12 feet (3.7 chiliad) wide each[one]
    • Two inside lanes: 11 anxiety (3.4 m) broad each[1]
    • Eye mall: ii feet (0.61 m)
    • Catwalk, curb and runway width: 3 feet (0.91 k) on each side
  • Width of stiffening truss in the suspended bridge: 68 anxiety (xx.7 one thousand).[one]
  • Depth of stiffening truss: 38.1 feet (11.6 m)[2] [one]
  • Peak of the roadway at mid-span: approximately 200 feet (61 m) higher up water level.[1]
  • Vertical clearance at normal temperature:
    • 155 anxiety (47 m) at the middle of the main intermission span.[1]
    • 135 feet (41 m) at the boundaries of the 3,000-foot-wide (914 grand) navigation channel.[i]
  • Construction cost: $99.eight 1000000 (equivalent to $717 1000000 in 2020[12])[1]
  • Height of towers to a higher place h2o: 552 feet (168 thou)[1]
  • Max. depth of towers below water: 210 feet (64 1000)[1]
  • Depth of water beneath the center of the bridge, 250 feet (76 grand)[one]
  • Main cables:
    • Number of wires in each cable: 12,580[i]
    • Diameter of each wire: 0.196 inches (0.498 cm)[1]
    • Diameter of each cable: 24.5 inches (62.23 cm)[1]
    • Total length of wire in main cables: 42,000 miles (68,000 km).[one]
  • Total vehicle crossings, 2005: four,236,491 (average xi,608 per solar day)
  • Speed limit: 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) for passenger cars, 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) for heavy trucks. Heavy trucks are too required to leave a 500-pes (150 m) spacing alee.

Work and major accident fatalities [edit]

Five workers died during the construction of the bridge:[30]

  • Diver Frank Pepper ascended likewise quickly from a depth of 140 feet (43 g) on September 16, 1954. Despite being rushed to a decompression sleeping room, the 46-year-one-time died from the bends.[31]
  • Twenty-six-year-old James LeSarge lost his rest on Oct 10, 1954, and brutal into a caisson. He fell 40 feet (12 thousand) and likely died of head injuries caused past touch with the criss-crossing steel beams inside the caisson.[32]
  • Albert Abbott died on Oct 25, 1954. The forty-yr-old cruel four feet (1.two chiliad) into the water while working on an 18-inch (46 cm) broad beam. Witnesses speculate he suffered a center attack.[32]
  • Twenty-eight-year-quondam Jack Baker and Robert Koppen died in a catwalk collapse near the north belfry on June half dozen, 1956; it was their outset twenty-four hours on the job. Koppen'south trunk was never recovered. Another human suffered a broken ankle.[33]

All 5 men are memorialized on a plaque near the bridge's northern cease (Bridge View Park). Contrary to folklore, no bodies are embedded in the concrete.[34] [35]

One worker has died since the bridge was completed. Daniel Doyle fell threescore to 70 feet (18 to 21 m) from scaffolding on August vii, 1997. He survived the fall but brutal victim to the 50 °F (10 °C) water temperature. His torso was recovered the next day in 95 feet (29 thousand) of water.

Two vehicles have fallen off the span:

  • On September 22, 1989, Leslie Ann Pluhar died when her machine, a 1987 Yugo, plunged over the 36-inch-high (91 cm) railing. High winds were initially blamed,[36] which was not supported by recorded wind speed measurements taken on and around the bridge at the time of the accident.[37] [38] Subsequently investigation showed the commuter lost control due to excessive speed and her vehicle bumped the bridge's iv-inch-high median and then crossed back through the northbound lanes, hitting a curb, jumping an outer guardrail and falling off the bridge,[39]
  • On March 2, 1997, Richard Alan Daraban drove his car over the edge. It was later determined to exist a suicide.[40]

On September 10, 1978, a small private aeroplane carrying United States Marine Corps Reserve officers Maj. Virgil Osborne, Capt. James Robbins, and Capt. Wayne W. Wisbrock smashed into i of the bridge'southward break cables while flying in a heavy fog. The bear upon tore the wings off the airplane, which then plunged into the Straits of Mackinac. All 3 men were killed.[41] [42]

Considering the bridge is non accessible to pedestrians,[a] suicides by jumping from the bridge take been rare, with the most recent confirmed case taking place on Dec 31, 2012.[43] At that place have been roughly a dozen suicides by people jumping off the bridge as of 2013[update].[44]

Crossing the bridge [edit]

Some individuals accept difficulty crossing bridges, a phenomenon known as gephyrophobia. The Mackinac Bridge Authority has a Drivers Assistance Programme that provides drivers for those with gephyrophobia, or anyone who is more comfy having someone else drive them across. More than than a k people utilise this service every year. Those interested can arrange, either past phone or with the toll collector, to have their cars or motorcycles driven to the other finish. There is no additional fee for this service.

Bicycles and pedestrians are non permitted on the span. Up until 2017, an exception was allowed for riders of two annual bicycle tours.[45] Every bit of March 13, 2020 a program to send bicycles has been suspended indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[46]

Travelers across the Mackinac Bridge can listen to an AM radio broadcast that recounts the history of the bridge and provides updates on driving conditions.[47]

Bridge Walk [edit]

The first Mackinac Bridge Walk was held in 1958, when it was led by Governor G. Mennen Williams. The showtime walk was held during the Bridge'southward Dedication Ceremony held in belatedly June, and has been held on Labor Day since 1959. Until 2018, school buses from local districts transported walkers from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace to begin the walk. Thousands of people, traditionally led past the Governor of Michigan, cantankerous the five-mile (8 km) span on foot from St. Ignace to Mackinaw City. Before 1964, people walked the Bridge from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace. Prior to 2017, two lanes of the bridge would remain open up to public vehicle traffic; this policy was changed in 2017 to close the entire span to public vehicle traffic for the duration of the event.[48] The Bridge Walk is the merely twenty-four hours of the yr that hikers can hike this department of the North Land National Scenic Trail.[49]

Tourism [edit]

During the summer months, the Upper Peninsula and the Mackinac Bridge accept become a major tourist destination.[50] In addition to visitors to Mackinac Island, the bridge has attracted interest from a diverse group of tourists including bridge enthusiasts, bird-watchers, and photographers.[51] The Straits surface area is a popular sailing destination for boats of all types, which make it easier to go a closer view to the underlying structure of the span.

In media [edit]

Mackinac Bridge from Michilimackinac State Park, Mackinaw City

On June 25, 1958, to coincide with that year'south celebration of the November 1957 opening, the United States Postal Service (USPS) released a 3¢ commemorative postage featuring the recently completed span. It was entitled "Connecting the Peninsulas of Michigan" and 107,195,200 copies were issued.[52] The USPS once more honored the Mackinac Bridge equally the subject field of its 2010 priority mail $4.xc postage, which went on auction February 3.[53] The bridge say-so and MDOT unveiled the stamp, which featured a "seagull's-eye view" of the landmark, with a passing freighter beneath.[54] Artist Dan Cosgrove worked from panoramic photographs to create the artwork. This is one of several designs that Cosgrove has produced for the USPS.[55]

On April 24, 1959, Captain John Southward. Lappo, an officer in the Strategic Air Command, operating from Lockbourne AFB flew his Boeing B-47 Stratojet beneath the bridge. Following a full general court-martial, he was grounded for life.[56]

A feature-length documentary entitled Building the Mighty Mac was produced by Hollywood filmmaker Mark Howell in 1997 and was shown on PBS. The programme features numerous interviews with the primal people who built the construction and includes restored 16mm color footage of the span's construction.[57]

The history and building of the span was featured in a 2003 episode of the History Channel Telly prove Modern Marvels.[58]

On July nineteen, 2007, the Detroit Scientific discipline Center unveiled an 80-foot-long (24 m), xix-human foot-alpine (v.8 g) calibration model of the Mackinac Bridge. The exhibit was part of the state's 50th anniversary celebration of the bridge. Sherwin-Williams supplied authentic Mackinac Bridge-colored paint for the project.[59]

The bridge and its maintenance crew were featured in an episode of the Discovery Channel TV show Dirty Jobs on August 7, 2007. Host Mike Rowe and crew spent several days filming the episode in May 2007.[60] [61]

MDOT also featured the bridge on the cover of the 2007 land highway map to celebrate its 50th anniversary.[62]

Encounter also [edit]

  • List of longest interruption bridge spans

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Excepting the Labor Day span walk.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j chiliad l m due north o p q r s t u v w Mackinac Bridge Authorisation (northward.d.). "Facts & Figures". Mackinac Span Authority. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d east Mackinac Straits Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved Jan 30, 2010.
  3. ^ Mackinac Span Potency (2010). "Mackinac Span Fare Schedules". Mackinac Span Authority. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  4. ^ ""Mighty Mac" Bridge Run". St. Ignace Chamber of Commerce. 2017. Retrieved September viii, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Mackinac Bridge Authorisation (2010). "About the Bridge". Mackinac Bridge Authority. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  6. ^ * Rubin, Lawrence (1958). Mighty Mac: The Official Picture History of the Mackinac Span . Wayne State Academy Press. p. fourteen. ISBN978-0-814-31817-1.
  7. ^ "Mackinaw, Mackinac Straits, Mackinac Island". Michilimackinac. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved November ii, 2013.
  8. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation. "I-75 / Straits of Mackinac". Michigan'southward Celebrated Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  9. ^ "Mackinac Span". American Guild of Civil Engineers . Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation. "History". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved November two, 2013.
  11. ^ Rubin (1958), p. 13.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2022). "What Was the U.S. GDP So?". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved Feb 12, 2022. Usa Gross Domestic Production deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  13. ^ Rubin (1958), p. 23.
  14. ^ Ammann, Othmar (Jan x, 1951). Proposed Mackinac Straits Span Preliminary Report (PDF) (Study). Retrieved April 15, 2013.
  15. ^ "Mackinac Bridge Will Rival Gilt Gate". Pop Mechanics. 100 (ii): 132. August 1953. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  16. ^ Hyde, Charles G. (1993). Celebrated Highway Bridges of Michigan . Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 165. ISBN0-8143-2448-7. OCLC 27011079.
  17. ^ Mackinac Bridge Dominance. "In Memory of: Bridge Workers". Mackinac Span Potency. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  18. ^ National Governors Association (2004). "Michigan Governor Gerhard Mennen Williams". National Governors Association. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  19. ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority (2010). "Prentiss 1000. Brownish, Father of the Mackinac Bridge". Mackinac Span Dominance. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  20. ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority (2010). "Mackinac Span commemorative token gift packs". Mackinac Bridge Authorisation. Archived from the original on Dec 22, 2009. Retrieved Jan 30, 2010.
  21. ^ "Mackinac Bridge Chosen as National Celebrated Civil Applied science Landmark". The St. Ignace News. Baronial 12, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  22. ^ Michigan State highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § D10. OCLC 12701120, 51856742. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Centre. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
  23. ^ "Michigan to Open 35 More than Miles of Freeway". The Bract. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. Nov eight, 1960. p. 19. OCLC 12962717. Retrieved March 22, 2013 – via Google News.
  24. ^ Michigan Land Highway Department (1961). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § F10. OCLC 12701120, 51857665. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1961)
  25. ^ "Mackinac Bridge Authority Proposes Raising Tolls to Pay for Renovations". Walker, MI: WZZM-Tv set. Nov 7, 2007. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved January five, 2013.
  26. ^ Michigan Painting Grouping (December two, 2007). "The Mackinac Bridge Painting Project". Michigan Painting Grouping.
  27. ^ Champion, Brandon (March 30, 2017). "The Mackinac Bridge Painting Project". Yard Rapids News.
  28. ^ Westaby, Robb (Baronial 5, 2013). "Why Painting The Mackinac Bridge Is Taking xx Years". Grand Rapids, MI: WXMI-TV.
  29. ^ Mackinac Bridge Say-so (September vii, 2009). "150 Millionth Vehicle Crosses Mackinac Bridge" (Press release). Mackinac Bridge Authority. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  30. ^ Mackinac Span Authority (2010). "In Memory of". Mackinac Bridge Authority. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved January xxx, 2010.
  31. ^ * Rubin, Lawrence A. (1985). Bridging the Straits. Detroit: Wayne State University Printing. pp. 135–136. ISBN0-8143-1789-8.
  32. ^ a b Rubin (1985), p. 136.
  33. ^ Rubin (1985), pp. 136–138.
  34. ^ "Michigan History". Michigan History. July–August 2007.
  35. ^ Mackinac Bridge Authorization (2008). "Ofttimes Asked Questions". Mackinac Bridge Authority. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  36. ^ Zacharias, Pat (June 6, 2000). "The Scenic Mackinac Bridge". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  37. ^ McGraw, Bill (July viii, 2007). "Mackinac Span Q&A". Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January three, 2014.
  38. ^ "Accident Report Claims Ms. Pluhar Was Speeding". The Argus-Printing. Owosso, MI. Associated Press. November viii, 1989. p. 20. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  39. ^ Propson, David (October 14, 2004). "How to Build a Ameliorate Span". New York Sun . Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  40. ^ Daraban v. Land of Michigan, et al. , 223659 (State of Michigan Court of Appeals March 15, 2002).
  41. ^ "Reserve Officers Died In Mackinac Span Crash". The Argus-Printing. Owosso, MI. Associated Printing. September 12, 1978. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  42. ^ Rubin (1985), pp. 158–159.
  43. ^ Britton, Zac (January 2, 2013). "Investigation Remains Open Following Mackinac Span Jump". Petoskey News-Review. Archived from the original on January v, 2013. Retrieved January v, 2013.
  44. ^ Ellison, Garret (January 1, 2013). "Michigan Country Police force Investigating Possible New year's day's Eve suicide on the Mackinac Bridge". MLive. Booth Newspapers. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  45. ^ Mackinac Bridge Authorisation (2018). "2018 Annual Bridge Walk volition start in both St. Ignace and Mackinaw City for safety, convenience" (Press release). Mackinac Bridge Authority. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  46. ^ Mackinac Bridge Say-so (2016). "How can my bicycle group get beyond the Mackinac Bridge?". Mackinac Bridge Say-so. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  47. ^ Michiguide.com. "WNHC787 AM 530 St. Ignace / AM 1610 Mackinaw City". Michiguide.com. Retrieved September xx, 2008.
  48. ^ "Span to be airtight to public traffic during Annual Bridge Walk" (Press release). Mackinac Span Say-so. 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  49. ^ "Michigan". Due north Country Trail Clan. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  50. ^ "Mackinac Bridge Crossings". Michigan Tourism Business. Michigan State University. 3 (1). February 24, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January xxx, 2010.
  51. ^ Mackinac Span Authorisation (2010). "Photo Gallery". Mackinac Bridge Authority. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved Jan thirty, 2010.
  52. ^ Stokes, Keith. "New Mackinac Bridge Stamp Stamp". The Mighty Mac.
  53. ^ "USPS announcement, 2010 Mackinac Bridge commemorative" (Printing release). U.s. Post.
  54. ^ "Mighty Mac Postage to be Unveiled". Detroit Gratis Press. January 29, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2010. [ dead link ]
  55. ^ "2010 Postage stamp Designs" (Press release). U.South.Postal Service. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved September nine, 2010.
  56. ^ "Grounded for good". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan: Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com. December 11, 1959. p. ten.
  57. ^ "TEACH: Building the Mackinac Bridge". teach.GLIN.internet Bully Lakes Information Network (GLIN). Great Lakes Commission. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  58. ^ "'Modernistic Marvels' Mackinac Bridge (2003)". Internet Movie Database. 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  59. ^ "Detroit Science Center To Open up 'Mini Mac' Exhibit" (Printing release). Detroit Science Center. June 19, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2010 – via PR Newswire.
  60. ^ "Crew from "Muddied Jobs" in Northern Michigan". Cadillac, MI: WWTV-TV. May 23, 2007. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
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[1]

Farther reading [edit]

  • Dark-brown, Prentiss One thousand. (1956). The Mackinac Bridge Story. Detroit: Wayne Land University Press. OCLC 5392305.
  • "Mackinac Bridge". Civil Technology. May 1956.
  • "The Mighty Mac at 50". Michigan History (Special ed.). 9 (4). July–Baronial 2007.
  • Ratigan, William (1959). The Long Crossing. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC 1686567.
  • —— (1957). Straits of Mackinac! Crossroads of the Corking Lakes. Yard Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC 3478409.
  • Steinman, David B.; Nevill, John T . (1957). Phenomenon Bridge at Mackinac. 1000 Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC 1227671.
  • Zacharias, Pat (June 6, 2000). "The Breathtaking Mackinac Span". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on Jan 21, 2013.

External links [edit]

  • Mackinac Bridge Authority
  • Length Comparison
  • Mackinac Span photographs and facts
  • Monitoring the Mighty Mac, Point of Beginning, 2007
  • Spider web cams monitoring the Mackinac Span
  • The view from the top of the iconic Mackinac Bridge that connects the two peninsulas of Michigan, 2014
  • Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. MI-329, "Mackinac Straits Suspension Span"
  1. ^ "Driver was alive in Mackinac plunge". Detroit Gratuitous Press. October three, 1989. p. 35. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

How Long Is The Mackinac Bridge In Michigan,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge

Posted by: naborsbege1997.blogspot.com

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